Blue Jacket Black Slacks: Style Secrets You NEED to Know!

Looking to elevate your wardrobe? Mastering the art of blue jacket black slacks offers a versatile and sophisticated look. Menswear blogs frequently highlight this combination as a cornerstone of smart-casual dressing. The versatility of this pairing makes it suitable for various occasions. Consider the impact of tailoring; a well-fitted ensemble, achieved perhaps with the help of a skilled personal stylist, enhances the overall aesthetic of blue jacket black slacks. Therefore, understanding the nuances of fabrics and fits is crucial when curating your own unique blue jacket black slacks outfits.

The marriage of a blue jacket and black slacks is more than just an outfit; it’s a statement. A statement of quiet confidence, understated elegance, and effortless versatility. This combination has graced red carpets, boardrooms, and stylish city streets alike, proving its enduring appeal across generations and trends.

But why does this seemingly simple pairing work so well? It’s a question of balance, of contrast, and of the inherent sophistication embedded in each individual piece. This isn’t about following fleeting fads; it’s about understanding the fundamental principles of style and how to apply them to create a timeless look.

Within these pages, we will unlock the secrets to mastering this iconic ensemble. We will delve into the nuances of color harmony, explore the importance of fit, and discover how the right accessories can transform a basic outfit into a personalized expression of your individual style.

Contents

The Enduring Appeal

The appeal of a blue jacket with black slacks lies in its inherent versatility. It’s a chameleon-like combination that can adapt to a multitude of settings, from a casual Friday at the office to a sophisticated evening out. The contrast between the colors is visually appealing, with the blue adding a touch of brightness and personality against the grounding effect of the black.

Furthermore, the individual components are classic staples in any well-curated wardrobe. A well-fitted blue blazer is an investment that will pay dividends for years to come, while a pair of black slacks offers unparalleled versatility, pairing equally well with a crisp white shirt or a more casual knit.

Decoding the Style Secrets

The goal of this exploration is simple: to provide accessible and actionable style secrets that empower you to confidently wear a blue jacket and black slacks in any situation. We aim to demystify the often-intimidating world of menswear and equip you with the knowledge to make informed choices that reflect your personal style.

This isn’t about blindly following rules, but rather about understanding the principles behind them, so you can break them (tastefully) when the occasion calls for it. It’s about finding the right balance between classic elegance and individual expression.

A Roadmap to Style Mastery

Consider this your comprehensive guide to navigating the world of blue and black. We will examine every facet of this pairing, from the foundational elements to the finishing touches. Expect to discover:

  • Navigating Dress Codes: Learn how to adapt this combination for various levels of formality, from business casual to smart casual, ensuring you’re always appropriately dressed.

  • The Power of Accessories: Explore the transformative potential of belts, watches, pocket squares, and other accessories, and how they can elevate your look.

  • The Perfect Shirt: Uncover the best shirt styles and colors to complement your blue jacket and black slacks, from classic white to more adventurous options.

  • Footwear Fundamentals: Master the art of selecting the right shoes, whether you opt for classic dress shoes or prefer a more contemporary sneaker.

By the end of this journey, you will not only understand why this combination works, but also how to make it work for you. Get ready to unlock the full style potential of blue and black.

The Enduring Appeal

The appeal of a blue jacket with black slacks lies in its inherent versatility. It’s a chameleon-like combination that can adapt to a multitude of settings, from a casual Friday at the office to a sophisticated evening out. The contrast between the colors is visually appealing, with the blue adding a touch of brightness and personality against the grounding effect of the black.

Furthermore, the individual components are classic staples in any well-curated wardrobe. A well-fitted blue blazer is an investment that will pay dividends for years to come, while a pair of black slacks offers unparalleled versatility, pairing equally well with…

Deconstructing the Basics: Why Blue and Black Work So Well

The blue jacket and black slacks combination isn’t just a random pairing. It’s a carefully constructed visual statement rooted in principles of color theory and classic style. Understanding the elements that make this combination work is key to mastering it and adapting it to your personal style. Let’s break down the essential components.

The Harmony of Contrast: Color Theory in Action

The interplay between blue and black is fundamental to the success of this ensemble. Black, a neutral shade, provides a solid foundation and a sense of grounded sophistication.

Blue, on the other hand, introduces a welcome contrast, adding depth and visual interest without being overly bold. It prevents the outfit from appearing too stark or monotonous.

This balance is crucial; it allows the outfit to be both versatile and eye-catching. The specific shade of blue also plays a significant role.

Navy, a universally flattering and easily adaptable hue, is a safe and stylish choice. Lighter blues can be equally effective, depending on the occasion and your personal preference.

The combination is visually appealing because it hits the right notes of contrast, depth, and balance.

The Navy Blazer: An Elevating Staple

The navy blazer is more than just a jacket; it’s the cornerstone of this entire look. Its structured silhouette and timeless design instantly elevate the outfit, adding a touch of sophistication and polish.

A well-chosen navy blazer signals preparedness, elegance, and attention to detail. It can transition seamlessly from a business casual meeting to a dinner date.

The key is to invest in a blazer that fits you impeccably. It should hug your shoulders comfortably, allow for a full range of motion, and have sleeves that fall at the right length.

A quality navy blazer is a wardrobe essential that will serve you well for years to come.

Black Trousers: Finding the Perfect Fit and Fabric

While the navy blazer is the star, the black trousers are the supporting actor that holds the whole show together. The fit and fabric of your trousers can significantly impact the overall look and feel of the outfit.

Slim Fit vs. Classic Fit: The Silhouette Showdown

The choice between slim fit and classic fit trousers is largely a matter of personal preference and body type.

  • Slim fit trousers offer a modern, streamlined silhouette. They are ideal for those with a leaner build and can create a more contemporary look.

  • Classic fit trousers provide a more relaxed and comfortable fit. They are a good option for those who prefer a more traditional style or who need more room in the seat and thighs.

Ultimately, the best fit is the one that makes you feel confident and comfortable. Regardless of the fit, ensure that the trousers are properly hemmed to break slightly over your shoes.

Fabric Considerations: Beyond the Basics

The fabric of your black trousers also plays a crucial role.

  • Wool trousers are a classic choice, offering durability, breathability, and a refined look. They are ideal for more formal occasions and can be worn year-round.

  • Cotton trousers, such as chinos, are a more casual option. They are comfortable, versatile, and can be dressed up or down.

Consider the season and the occasion when choosing the fabric of your black trousers. Lighter fabrics like cotton and linen are best for warmer weather, while heavier fabrics like wool are more suitable for cooler temperatures.

The blue jacket and black slacks combination isn’t just a random pairing. It’s a carefully constructed visual statement rooted in principles of color theory and classic style. Understanding the elements that make this combination work is key to mastering it and adapting it to your personal style. Let’s break down the essential components.

Navigating Dress Codes: From Business Casual to Smart Casual with Blue and Black

The true beauty of a blue jacket and black slacks lies not only in its aesthetic appeal, but also in its adaptability. This pairing can gracefully transition across various dress codes, making it a steadfast ally in your sartorial endeavors.

However, decoding dress codes can feel like navigating a labyrinth. Let’s demystify the nuances of business casual and smart casual, revealing how the blue jacket and black slacks combination can shine in each setting.

Decoding Business Casual with Blue and Black

Business casual is often interpreted as a relaxed version of traditional business attire, but it demands a level of sophistication and professionalism.

This dress code seeks to balance comfort and authority. The blue jacket and black slacks combination fits perfectly within this realm, offering a polished appearance without the formality of a full suit.

Consider opting for a navy blazer made from a refined fabric like wool or a wool blend. Pair it with well-fitted black slacks in a complementary material.

A classic button-down shirt in white or light blue is a safe bet, adding a touch of formality to the ensemble.

Embracing Smart Casual: Injecting Personality

Smart casual offers more freedom for personal expression while maintaining a presentable and stylish look.

This dress code encourages creativity and allows you to inject personality into your outfit. The blue jacket and black slacks serve as a versatile canvas for your personal style.

While maintaining the core elements of the combination, you can experiment with different textures, patterns, and accessories to create a unique look.

Consider incorporating a patterned shirt, a stylish belt, or a statement watch to elevate your smart casual ensemble.

Adapting the Outfit: Specific Examples

To truly master the art of dressing for different occasions, consider these specific adjustments:

Business Casual:

  • Shirt: Opt for a crisp button-down shirt in a solid color or subtle pattern.
  • Shoes: Choose classic dress shoes like Oxfords or Derbies in black or dark brown.
  • Accessories: Keep accessories minimal and understated, such as a simple watch and a leather belt.

Smart Casual:

  • Shirt: Experiment with different shirt styles, such as a textured shirt or a subtle print. A polo shirt can work in some environments.
  • Shoes: Loafers, dress boots, or even clean, minimalist sneakers can be appropriate, depending on the setting.
  • Accessories: Add a touch of personality with a stylish belt, a pocket square, or a statement watch.

By understanding the subtle nuances of each dress code and making thoughtful adjustments, you can confidently navigate any situation with your blue jacket and black slacks combination, proving its versatility and enduring style.

The true beauty of a blue jacket and black slacks lies not only in its aesthetic appeal, but also in its adaptability. This pairing can gracefully transition across various dress codes, making it a steadfast ally in your sartorial endeavors.

However, decoding dress codes can feel like navigating a labyrinth. Let’s demystify the nuances of business casual and smart casual, revealing how the blue jacket and black slacks combination can shine in each setting. Now, let’s move on to the details that will truly set you apart – the strategic use of accessories.

Accessorizing for Impact: Elevating Your Look with Key Pieces

Accessories are the punctuation marks of an outfit, capable of transforming a simple combination into a statement of personal style. When it comes to the blue jacket and black slacks, the right accessories can elevate the ensemble from simply presentable to exceptionally stylish.

Think of accessories as the final brushstrokes on a masterpiece.
They’re the details that reveal your personality and attention to detail. But with so many options available, how do you choose the right pieces to complement your look?

Let’s explore the key accessories that can make a significant impact.

The Foundation: Choosing the Right Belt

The belt, often an afterthought, is a crucial component of any well-put-together outfit. It serves both a functional and an aesthetic purpose, cinching the waist and adding a touch of visual interest.

With a blue jacket and black slacks, your belt options should be chosen with care.

Black leather belts are the most versatile and safest choice, creating a seamless transition between the slacks and the rest of the outfit. Opt for a belt with a simple, understated buckle in silver or gunmetal.

Avoid overly ornate or flashy buckles, as they can detract from the overall sophistication of the look.

The width of the belt should be proportionate to the width of the belt loops on your slacks – too wide, and it will look bulky; too narrow, and it will appear insignificant.

A good rule of thumb is to choose a belt that is approximately 1 to 1.5 inches wide.

Brown belts can be worn as well, offering a slight contrast. This can add a touch of visual interest to the outfit.

Just ensure the shade of brown complements both the blue of the jacket and your shoes, if they are also brown.

Timekeeping with Style: The Watch as a Statement

A watch is more than just a time-telling device; it’s a subtle statement of elegance and personal taste. The right timepiece can elevate your blue jacket and black slacks ensemble, adding a touch of sophistication and refinement.

Consider the occasion and your personal style when choosing a watch.

For more formal settings, a classic dress watch with a leather strap or a sleek metal bracelet is an excellent choice. Look for a watch with a clean, minimalist dial and a slim profile.

Avoid overly large or sporty watches in formal situations, as they can appear out of place.

In more casual settings, you have greater freedom to experiment with different watch styles. A chronograph with a stainless steel bracelet or a field watch with a nylon strap can add a touch of ruggedness to your look.

The key is to choose a watch that complements the overall aesthetic of your outfit.

Color coordination is also important. A watch with a silver case and a black leather strap will pair well with most blue jackets and black slacks combinations.

If you’re wearing brown shoes, consider a watch with a gold case and a brown leather strap.

The Art of the Pocket Square: Adding a Touch of Flair

The pocket square is perhaps the most expressive accessory in a gentleman’s wardrobe. It’s a small piece of fabric that can add a pop of color, pattern, and personality to your blue jacket and black slacks ensemble.

But mastering the art of the pocket square requires a delicate balance of creativity and restraint.

The first rule of thumb is to avoid matching your pocket square exactly to your tie.
Instead, aim for complementary colors and patterns that create visual interest without being overly matchy-matchy.

A pocket square in a contrasting color can add a focal point to your outfit. For example, a burgundy or forest green pocket square can provide a rich counterpoint to a navy blazer.

Patterns such as paisley, polka dots, or subtle geometric designs can add a touch of personality.

Experiment with different folding techniques to achieve different effects. A simple square fold or a puff fold is a classic and understated choice, while a more elaborate fold can add a touch of flair.

Ultimately, the goal is to use the pocket square to express your individuality and elevate the overall aesthetic of your outfit.

The Underlayer: Shirts That Sing With Your Blue Jacket and Black Slacks

The blue jacket and black slacks form a sophisticated foundation, a canvas awaiting the artist’s touch. But what lies beneath the jacket, next to the skin? The shirt you choose is far from a mere afterthought; it’s the linchpin that binds the entire ensemble together. Let’s explore the spectrum of shirt options, from the timeless elegance of white dress shirts to the casual comfort of polos and tees, unraveling the styling nuances of each.

The Indisputable White Dress Shirt

The white dress shirt is the bedrock of versatile style.

Its appeal lies in its crisp simplicity.

It’s a blank slate, adaptable to almost any setting.

The sharp contrast against the blue jacket and black slacks creates a clean, sophisticated aesthetic, ideal for business casual environments or more formal occasions.

Think of it as the sartorial equivalent of a perfectly balanced equation.

A quality white dress shirt, well-fitted and meticulously pressed, speaks volumes about attention to detail and refined taste.

Consider the fabric: Oxford cloth for durability, poplin for a smoother finish, or even a subtle texture like herringbone for added visual interest.

Pair it with a silk tie in a complementary color for a touch of elegance, or leave the top button undone for a more relaxed, yet still polished, look.

Venturing Beyond White: Exploring Other Shirt Options

While the white dress shirt reigns supreme in its versatility, daring to venture into alternative shirt styles can inject personality and character into your blue jacket and black slacks combination.

The Relaxed Refinement of the Polo Shirt

For moments when the dress code loosens its grip, the polo shirt emerges as a stylish contender.

Opt for a well-fitted polo in a muted color like navy, charcoal gray, or even a dark olive green.

These hues complement the blue and black palette without creating unnecessary visual noise.

Avoid bright or overly patterned polos, which can detract from the overall sophistication.

A polo shirt lends a more relaxed feel, suitable for smart casual gatherings or weekend outings.

T-Shirts: Mastering Casual Cool

The inclusion of a T-shirt demands careful consideration of context.

T-shirts are generally best suited for casual settings only.

A high-quality, well-fitting T-shirt in a neutral color, such as white, gray, or black, can create a minimalist and effortlessly cool vibe when paired with a blue jacket and black slacks.

Pay close attention to the T-shirt’s fabric: Look for premium cotton or a blend with a refined texture.

Avoid graphic tees or overly embellished designs, which can clash with the jacket’s inherent formality.

A simple crew neck or V-neck T-shirt works best, creating a clean and understated silhouette.

The choice of shirt can subtly shift the entire tenor of your blue jacket and black slacks. But let’s not forget the foundation upon which every stylish outfit stands: the shoes. Footwear is more than mere protection; it’s the anchor that grounds your look and communicates volumes about your personal style.

The Footwear Factor: Selecting the Perfect Shoes

Footwear is the cornerstone of any well-considered outfit.
It’s the final brushstroke on a carefully curated canvas.
Choosing the right shoes for your blue jacket and black slacks is crucial to achieving a harmonious and polished appearance.
Let’s delve into the world of footwear and explore the best options for complementing this classic ensemble.

The Timeless Appeal of Classic Dress Shoes

For more formal occasions, classic dress shoes like Oxfords and Derbies are the undisputed champions.
Their sleek lines and refined silhouette exude sophistication and professionalism.
These shoes seamlessly elevate the blue jacket and black slacks combination, making them ideal for business meetings, formal events, or any setting that demands a polished demeanor.

Oxfords, with their closed lacing system, are the epitome of formal footwear.
They offer a clean, streamlined look that pairs perfectly with a crisp white dress shirt and a silk tie.
Opt for black leather Oxfords for the most versatile and timeless choice.
Consider details such as broguing (perforated detailing) for added visual interest, but be mindful of the occasion’s formality.
The more broguing, the less formal the shoe.

Derbies, with their open lacing system, are slightly less formal than Oxfords.
They offer a more relaxed, yet still sophisticated, option.
Derbies can be a great choice for business casual settings or occasions where you want to project a more approachable image.
Like Oxfords, black leather Derbies are a versatile choice, but you can also explore other colors like dark brown for a touch of personality.

Breaking the Mold: The Allure of Sneakers

In recent years, the lines between formal and casual wear have blurred, opening the door to the inclusion of sneakers in traditionally dressier outfits.

However, tread carefully.
Wearing sneakers with a blue jacket and black slacks requires a keen eye for detail and an understanding of when it’s appropriate to break the rules.

Decoding the Sneaker Equation

Minimalist sneakers in clean, neutral colors like white, gray, or black are your safest bet.
Avoid overly bulky or brightly colored sneakers, as they can clash with the sophistication of the jacket and slacks.
The goal is to achieve a balance between comfort and style, creating a look that is both relaxed and refined.

Consider the occasion.
Sneakers are generally more appropriate for smart casual settings or social gatherings where a more relaxed vibe is acceptable.
They are less suitable for business meetings or formal events, where classic dress shoes are still the preferred choice.
Pay attention to the condition of your sneakers.
They should be impeccably clean and well-maintained, as scuffed or dirty sneakers will detract from the overall polish of your outfit.

The Fine Line Between Casual and Careless

Pairing sneakers with a blue jacket and black slacks is a balancing act.
The key is to maintain a sense of intentionality and avoid looking like you simply threw on the first shoes you found.
Choose high-quality sneakers with clean lines and understated details.
Consider the overall fit and silhouette of your outfit, ensuring that the sneakers complement the rest of your ensemble.
When done right, this combination can create a cool and contemporary look that exudes confidence and personal style.

The choice of shirt can subtly shift the entire tenor of your blue jacket and black slacks. But let’s not forget the foundation upon which every stylish outfit stands: the shoes. Footwear is more than mere protection; it’s the anchor that grounds your look and communicates volumes about your personal style. From there, how can we truly embody the look we are aiming to achieve?

Confidence is Key: Owning Your Blue Jacket and Black Slacks

Ultimately, clothing is a form of self-expression. The most impeccably styled outfit will fall flat if the wearer lacks conviction. It’s about more than just following a set of rules; it’s about owning your look.

The Power of Self-Assured Style

Think of confidence as the ultimate accessory. It’s the invisible element that elevates an outfit from simply "well-dressed" to unforgettable.

It’s the way you carry yourself, the directness of your gaze, and the undeniable sense that you feel good in your own skin.

This inner assurance radiates outward, influencing how others perceive you and, more importantly, how you perceive yourself.

Dressing for Your Authentic Self

The key to unlocking this confidence lies in dressing in a way that feels true to your personal style. Don’t get lost in trends or feel pressured to conform to someone else’s idea of what looks good.

Experiment. Discover what silhouettes flatter your body type, what colors resonate with your personality, and what fabrics feel luxurious against your skin.

Building Confidence Through Clothing

Pay attention to how certain outfits make you feel.

Do you feel powerful and assertive in a sharply tailored blazer?

Or perhaps more relaxed and approachable in a soft, unstructured jacket?

Use your clothing as a tool to boost your self-esteem. Choose pieces that highlight your strengths and make you feel comfortable and confident in your own skin.

When you feel good in what you’re wearing, it shows.

The Psychology of a Good Fit

A perfectly tailored garment does more than just flatter your figure. It sends a message that you value yourself.

It communicates that you pay attention to detail and that you are willing to invest in your appearance.

This sense of self-worth, in turn, translates into greater confidence.

Breaking the Rules, Embracing Your Individuality

Once you understand the fundamental principles of style, you can start to break the rules with intention.

Don’t be afraid to experiment with unexpected color combinations, unique accessories, or unconventional silhouettes.

The most stylish individuals are those who dare to push boundaries and express their individuality through their clothing.

Ultimately, the most important thing is to dress in a way that makes you feel like the best version of yourself.

When you feel confident and authentic, you’ll be able to rock any outfit, including the classic blue jacket and black slacks combination.

Confidence is the ultimate accessory, an intangible quality that elevates even the simplest ensemble. Finding that sartorial sweet spot, where your clothes reflect your inner self, allows you to project an authentic and compelling image.

That intrinsic connection between inner assurance and personal style leads us to consider the broader principles that underpin successful outfits. Let’s delve into the foundational concepts of color theory and explore how these principles can be applied to the blue jacket and black slacks combination.

Color Theory in Action: Mastering the Art of Complementary Colors

Color theory offers a framework for understanding how colors interact and create visually harmonious effects. It’s not just about aesthetics; it’s a system that can be leveraged to enhance your style. Applying these concepts, you can purposefully craft outfits that are balanced, engaging, and reflective of your personal taste.

Understanding the Color Wheel: A Foundation for Harmony

At its core, color theory revolves around the color wheel, a visual representation of the relationships between colors. Understanding this wheel is crucial for creating cohesive and visually appealing outfits.

Primary colors (red, yellow, blue) are the foundation.

Secondary colors (green, orange, purple) are created by mixing two primary colors.

Tertiary colors are formed by mixing a primary and a secondary color.

The wheel is a map to harmonious pairings.

Complementary Colors: Creating Visual Interest

Complementary colors are those that sit opposite each other on the color wheel, such as blue and orange, or red and green. Using complementary colors creates a dynamic and eye-catching contrast.

While a full orange shirt with a blue jacket might be overpowering, introducing orange through accessories can add a sophisticated touch. A subtle orange pocket square or a tie with orange accents can provide that visual spark.

Analogous Colors: A More Subtle Approach

Analogous colors are those that sit next to each other on the color wheel. This creates a harmonious and subtle effect, ideal for a refined and understated look. Think of using shades of blue, blue-green, and green for a cohesive palette.

Applying Color Theory to Your Blue Jacket and Black Slacks

Now, let’s translate these theoretical concepts into practical styling advice for your blue jacket and black slacks combination.

Black, being a neutral color, provides a versatile backdrop that works well with almost any color. The blue jacket, depending on its shade, offers more specific opportunities for color pairing.

Blue and Earth Tones: A Grounded Combination

Pairing your blue jacket and black slacks with earth tones like browns, creams, and olive greens creates a balanced and sophisticated look. A cream-colored shirt under a navy blazer offers a soft contrast.

A brown leather belt and shoes will ground the ensemble, adding warmth.

Blue and Burgundy/Maroon: A Rich Palette

Burgundy and maroon, being deeper shades of red, offer a rich and sophisticated contrast to blue. A burgundy sweater or a tie with burgundy patterns can add depth and character to your outfit.

These colors complement blue without being too loud.

Accenting with Yellow and Gold: A Touch of Warmth

A pop of yellow or gold can inject a touch of warmth and energy into your blue and black ensemble. A gold watch or a yellow pocket square can serve as a subtle focal point.

However, use these colors sparingly to avoid overpowering the overall look.

The Power of Subtlety: Balancing Color with Confidence

Ultimately, mastering color theory is about understanding the principles and then applying them with a touch of personal flair. Don’t be afraid to experiment and discover what color combinations resonate with your style.

The key is balance – ensuring that the colors complement each other without creating a jarring effect. With a bit of practice, you can harness the power of color to create outfits that are not only stylish but also a true reflection of your personality.

FAQs: Blue Jacket Black Slacks Style

Here are some frequently asked questions about rocking the blue jacket black slacks look and mastering its style secrets.

What shades of blue jacket work best with black slacks?

Darker blues like navy or midnight blue generally pair more seamlessly with black slacks, creating a sophisticated and versatile outfit. However, brighter blues can work too, but require more careful consideration of the overall look and accessories.

Can I wear brown shoes with a blue jacket and black slacks?

Generally, black shoes are the safest and most classic choice when wearing blue jacket black slacks. Brown shoes can work, but the shade of brown is crucial. Opt for darker browns like oxblood or chocolate, and be mindful of the overall formality.

What shirt colors complement a blue jacket and black slacks outfit?

White is always a winning choice for a crisp, clean look. Light blues and grays also work beautifully. For a bolder statement, consider burgundy or even a subtle patterned shirt that complements the blue jacket and doesn’t clash with the black slacks.

What occasions are suitable for wearing blue jacket black slacks?

This combination is surprisingly versatile! Depending on the fabric and tailoring, blue jacket black slacks can work for business casual settings, dinners, or even dressed-up casual events. The key is in the details: the fit of the slacks, the style of the jacket, and the accessories you choose.

So, next time you’re wondering what to wear, give the classic blue jacket black slacks a try! You might just discover your new favorite outfit. Rock it!

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *